Impact Of
Qualified Occupational Accidents In Ecuador During The Period 2014 - 2023
Impact Of Qualified Work
Accidents In Ecuador During The Period 2014 - 2023
José
Alberto Bran Cevallos *
Leonardo Álvaro Banguera Arroyo *
Otto Benjamin Santos Vasquez
*
ABSTRACT
The present work analyzes
the impact of qualified work accidents in Ecuador during the period 2014-2023,
given the high rate of work accidents reported and qualified by the Ecuadorian
Institute of Social Security (IESS), but the most worrying thing is that there
is still a high rate of underreporting of accidents according to the
International Labor Organization (ILO), which puts everyone involved on alert.
The purpose of this research is to compile all the existing statistical
information published on the web page by the control entity, analyze it and
determine the impact of occupational accidents in the country, based on a
review of official statistical data and recent literature, it is necessary to
apply the descriptive-quantitative method, In order to analyze the behavior of
the variables, we also reviewed the occupational accident statistics published
by the annual bulletins of the Seguro General de Riesgos del Trabajo (SGRT), and
evaluated the incidence of these accidents on the economy, occupational health
and public policies. It also highlights trends in the frequency and severity of
accidents, as well as the strategies implemented for their prevention and
mitigation. In conclusion, the occupational accident rate in the country
continues to be a matter of concern. It is necessary to wait for the short or
medium term changes that may be brought about by the new Executive Decree No.
255 (Occupational Safety and Health Regulations), which, together with other
regulations that are being analyzed in the technical roundtables in charge of
the governing bodies such as the Ministry of Labor and the Ministry of Public
Health, are expected to reduce the impact of occupational accidents in the
country. This study seeks to generate evidence-based recommendations to improve
occupational safety in Ecuador.
Key words: Occupational accidents, Underreporting, Descriptive
statistics, Affiliated population, Occupational
accidents.
RESUMEN
El
presente trabajo analiza el impacto de los accidentes de trabajo calificados en
Ecuador durante el período 2014–2023,
dado el alto índice de accidentes de trabajo reportados y calificados por el
Instituto Ecuatoriano de Seguridad Social (IESS), pero lo más preocupante es
que existe aún un alto índice de subregistros de
accidentes según la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT), lo cual pone
en alerta a todos los involucrados. La presente investigación tiene como
propósito recopilar toda la información estadística existente y publicada en la
página web por el ente de control, analizarla y determinar el impacto que
tienen los accidentes de trabajo en el país, todo esto, a partir de una revisión de datos estadísticos oficiales y literatura
reciente se hace necesario aplicar el
método descriptivo-cuantitativo, para analizar el comportamiento de las
variables también se revisaron las estadísticas de siniestralidad laboral
publicadas por los boletines anuales del Seguro General de Riesgos del Trabajo
(SGRT), se evalúa la incidencia de estos accidentes en la
economía, la salud ocupacional y las políticas públicas. Asimismo, se destacan
las tendencias en la frecuencia y severidad de los accidentes, así como las
estrategias implementadas para su prevención y mitigación. En conclusión, la siniestralidad laboral en el país
sigue siendo un tema preocupante. Hay que esperar a corto o mediano plazo los
cambios que puedan traer el nuevo Decreto Ejecutivo No. 255 (Reglamento de
Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo) que, sumada a otras normativas que están
siendo analizados en las mesas técnicas a cargo de los organismos rectores como
lo son el Ministerio del Trabajo y Ministerio de Salud Pública, con lo cual se
espera que se logre reducir el impacto que tiene la siniestralidad laboral en
el país. Este estudio busca generar recomendaciones basadas
en evidencia para mejorar la seguridad laboral en Ecuador.
Palabras
Clave: Accidente de trabajo, Subregistro, Estadística descriptiva, Población afiliada,
Siniestralidad laboral.
INTRODUCTION
According to historical records the International
Labor Organization ILO, (2020) , was constituted in the
year 1919 as part of the Treaty of Versailles, after the end of the First World
War, being its main objective to promote social justice and labor rights
worldwide Callau Dalmau, (2018) . The ILO, maintains the
policy of improving working conditions and promoting equity at work, this
includes the promotion of decent work, protection of labor rights, job
creation, job security, social protection and permanent dialogue between
governments, employers and workers. These social policies are reflected in the
conventions of each country and in the action programs that the ILO promotes
worldwide. Guevara
Villacres & Medina Hinojosa, (2019) .
According to the ILO for the Andean countries; Ecuador has been a member since
1934 adopting international standards and adapting them to the National legislation.
Atencio
González et al., (2020) Decent work is currently promoted through productive
development policies. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (ODS)
contains 17 goals, 169 targets and 232 indicators. The ILO reports to the
United Nations (UN) 17 indicators grouped into five goals, which prioritize people and the planet, and
which propose the need to work together in order to address the challenges
related to the world of work. Yépez
et al., (2020)
Ecuador is a country divided into regions with many
natural privileges such as geography, climate and biodiversity. In contrast,
health, economic and labor conditions reflect a worrying panorama (Gómez García, 2021) . In terms of labor and
since statistics from the Ecuadorian Institute of Social Security (IESS) -
General Insurance of Labor Risks (SGRT) are available, there are different
figures on the evolution and trends of labor accidents. Damián-Aguilar & Campoverde-Jiménez,
(2024) .
The right of all people in Ecuador is to develop their
work activities in a safe work environment. In addition to this right, there
are international agreements with the ILO, those corresponding to the Andean
Community, organic and ordinary laws, regional norms, decrees, regulations,
agreements and resolutions. Constitution
of the Republic of Ecuador, (2008)
The legal framework for occupational safety and health
in the country aims to prevent occupational hazards and reduce the accident
rate resulting from occupational accidents and diseases. (J. Toro Toro et al., 2014; J. de L. Toro Toro
et al., 2020).
According to Art. 1.n.
of the Andean Occupational Safety and Health Instrument, an occupational
accident is considered to be any sudden event occurring because of or in connection
with work that causes organic injury, functional disturbance, disability or
death to the worker. Ecuador is one of the countries that is at the top of the
occupational accident rate due to the high rate of underreporting Valenzuela López & Vallejo Ronquillo,
(2022; Valenzuela Mendieta et al., (2020) . The pyramid of
occupational accidents developed by Frank Bird in 1969 revealed as a conclusion
the following: that, for each accident with serious or fatal consequences,
there were 10 minor injuries that only required first aid attention, 30
accidents with property damage and 600 accidents without injuries or material
losses González et al., (2016) . The present research
aims to make an analysis of the statistics of qualified occupational accidents
by the IESS during the period 2014 - 2023 and determine the incidence rates in
the proposed variables.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This research collects, describes and interprets the
statistical results that are outstanding and reliable so that decisions can be
made according to the case study. (Guevara Alban et al., 2020) . The
quantitative information collected comes from the website: https://www.iess.gob.ec/es/web/guest/visor-riesgos
corresponding to occupational accidents reported annually, during the period
2014 - 2023. Using the descriptive and cross-sectional method, the aim is to
analyze the impact of occupational accidents with the following variables:
number of occupational accidents (A.T) per year, A.T by place of
occurrence, A.T by sex, A.T. incapacities generated and A.T. injuries caused. Gómez García & Suasnavas Bermúdez, (2015) . The
statistical records of the affiliated population in these periods were compiled
from the IESS statistical bulletins available from Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos,
(2024) (INEC). The study
calculates the incidence index for each of the variables mentioned above, which
are harmonized with the formula established by Eurostat (Methodology used by
European Union countries and comparable with those of the ILO), which states: Incidence
Indicator (I.I.) = number of accidents with sick leave during
the working day per one hundred thousand workers over the annual average of
those affiliated to social security schemes with contingencies for accidents at
work covered. Moreira
Macías, (2019) .
It can be said that a mixed methodology was used for
this research, combining the following parameters:
1. Bibliographic
review: Consultation of academic articles, reports from
international organizations and Ecuadorian legislation.
2. Secondary
data analysis: Use of official statistics from the Ecuadorian
Social Security Institute (IESS), the National Institute of Statistics and
Census (INEC) and the Ministry of Labor of Ecuador.
3. Case
studies: Review of key economic sectors such as construction,
mining and agriculture.
Revision and data analysis
The present study has taken into consideration two
parameters to establish the population affiliated to social security and they
are: Affiliation with paid contributions and Active affiliates of the peasant
insurance. The results of the affiliated population presented in (Figure 1)
come from the statistical bulletins provided on its website the National Institute of Statistics and Census,
(2024) (INEC)
for the periods between 2014 - 2023.
Figure 1: IESS affiliated population. 2014-2023Source: INEC
statistical bulletins.
The Instituto Ecuatoriano de Seguridad Social,
2024) through Seguro
General de Riesgos del Trabajo
SGRT qualified a total of 173,357 AT during the period 2014 - 2023 (Figure:2),
the first five-year period analyzed of qualified occupational accidents (AT)
maintains an average of 19.982.8 with a slight decrease until the pandemic,
then there is a post-pandemic growth, which does not exceed the average of
14,688.6 According to other authors, government agencies and employers should
place greater emphasis on awareness campaigns regarding the welfare of the
worker and thus reduce or eliminate the high statistics of (W. Muñoz et al., 2020) .
Figure 2: Qualified T.A. Report.
Source: Own elaboration based on data provided by the
annual statistics of occupational accidents of the IESS - SGRT.
Table 1 shows the incidence rate per year, showing the
number of accidents with sick leave per 100,000 workers exposed to different
types of risks.
Table 1: Incidence rate by year
|
YEAR |
P.A. |
A.T. |
I.I. |
|
2014 |
4'277,415 |
21577 |
504,44 |
|
2015 |
4'316,057 |
23104 |
535,30 |
|
2016 |
4'328,872 |
21110 |
487,65 |
|
2017 |
4'347,615 |
16400 |
377,21 |
|
2018 |
4'383,214 |
17723 |
404,33 |
|
2019 |
4'372,997 |
17056 |
390,02 |
|
2020 |
4'132,359 |
11629 |
281,41 |
|
2021 |
3'664,982 |
13043 |
355,88 |
|
2022 |
3'759,076 |
15730 |
418,45 |
|
2023 |
3'777,922 |
15985 |
423,11 |
Source: Own elaboration based on data provided by SGRT
- INEC.
(PA) Affiliated population,
(AT) Occupational Accidents,
(I.I.) Incidence
Index.
As can be seen, this has been progressively decreasing
and with greater emphasis since the pandemic. In relation to the Incidence
Index, the frequency with which the first five-year period is observed is
decreasing because in 2014 the I.I. was 504.44 and in 2018 it was 404.33. The
pandemic caused a drop in the I.I. (2019-2020) but then began a rise that
reached 423.11 in 2023, up to a certain point. (2019-2020) but then began a
rise that reached 423.11 in 2023. To a certain extent it can be interpreted
that the II in this decade has been decreasing and this is not only due to the
pandemic, on the contrary, the public management of control and new legal provisions
with employer responsibility have awakened the interest of employers and
workers, so that their work environments are safe.
Another of the variables analyzed in this period is
the place where the accidents that qualified as a TBI occurred (Figure 3). Of
the total number of qualified TTIs, 59.75% occurred at the work center or place
of work, followed by those occurring on the commute from home to work or vice
versa (IN-ITINERE or IN TRANSIT) 23.05%, followed by those occurring during the
workday 8.14%, then 7.11% at another work center and finally 1.95% on secondment. It is worth noting in the figure presented that
in each year analyzed, TAs have always occurred in a
greater proportion in the workplace.
Figure 3: Record of TA, rated by place of occurrence. Source:
Own elaboration based on data provided by the annual statistics of occupational
accidents of the SGRT.
Table 2, has taken as main reference the TA data
provided in Table 1, by year and from this information has been broken down
proportionally according to the data in Table 2 and in this way the
proportional I.I. is presented by
place where the accidents occurred, it is highlighted in the information that
during the period 2014 - 2023 the I.I. of
the TA that took place in the work
centers, in 2014 obtained 67.18 % and concluded in 2023 with 52.38 % which
represents a decrease. Regarding the TA in transit in 2014 it started with 17,
44 % and by 2023 it reached 30.29 % which represents a considerable growth.
Although the remaining ones are in smaller proportion, the TA in displacement
present an increase that goes from 5.35% to 9.36% and those happened in another
place are observed 8.40% with respect to 2014 and 5.88% with respect to 2023
and finally by secondment 1.68% in 2014 and 2.04% in
2023.
Table 2: Incidence Rate by Place of Occurrence
|
YEAR |
A.T. |
I.I. |
% A.T. LUG. T. |
I.I. LUG. T. |
% A.T. IN INTINERE |
I.I. IN INTINERE |
% A.T. DESP. LAZA MIEN |
I.I. DESP LAZA MIEN. |
% A.T OTHER L.T. |
I.I. IN OTHER L.T. |
% AT. CO, SERVICE |
I.I. IN COM. SERVICE |
|
2014 |
21.577 |
504,44 |
67,18 |
338,88 |
17,44 |
87,97 |
5,35 |
26,98 |
8,40 |
42,37 |
1,68 |
8,47 |
|
2015 |
23.104 |
535,30 |
70,29 |
376,26 |
18,22 |
97,53 |
5,87 |
31,42 |
4,26 |
22,91 |
1,33 |
7,11 |
|
2016 |
21.110 |
487,65 |
62,90 |
306,73 |
20,55 |
100,21 |
8,60 |
41,94 |
6,43 |
31,35 |
1,51 |
7,36 |
|
2017 |
16.400 |
377,21 |
58,05 |
218,97 |
21,41 |
80,76 |
9,03 |
34,06 |
8.81 |
33,23 |
2,69 |
10,14 |
|
2018 |
17.723 |
404,33 |
57,11 |
230,91 |
22,30 |
90,16 |
9,52 |
38,49 |
8,43 |
34,08 |
2,63 |
10,63 |
|
2019 |
17.056 |
390.02 |
55,40 |
216,07 |
24,97 |
97,38 |
9,72 |
37,91 |
7,80 |
30,42 |
2,09 |
8,15 |
|
2020 |
11.629 |
281.41 |
58,31 |
164,09 |
23,51 |
66,15 |
8,32 |
23,41 |
7,93 |
22,31 |
1,93 |
5,43 |
|
2021 |
13.043 |
355,88 |
54,04 |
192,31 |
27,27 |
97,04 |
8,61 |
30,64 |
7,87 |
28,00 |
2,19 |
7,79 |
|
2022 |
15.730 |
418,45 |
52,59 |
220,06 |
30,39 |
127,16 |
8,65 |
36,20 |
6,43 |
26,90 |
1,93 |
8,07 |
|
2023 |
15.985 |
423,11 |
52,38 |
221,62 |
30,29 |
128,16 |
9,36 |
39,60 |
5,88 |
24,88 |
2,04 |
8,63 |
Figure 4 shows the order in which the country's
economic sectors have had the greatest impact:
· Sector
D: Manufacturing Industry (32,410),
· Sector
K: Real Estate Activities (25.471),
· Sector
G: Wholesale and retail trade. Repair of vehicles,
motorcycles and household goods (24.618),
· Sector
A: Agriculture, Livestock, Hunting and Forestry (17,988),
· Sector
L: Public Administration and defense. Social
Security Plans (16,412),
· Sector
N: Activity. Health and social services (16.104),
· Sector
I: Transportation, Storage and Communications (9,634),
· Sector
F: Construction (8,343),
· Sector
O: Other community, social and personal activ. Community, social and personal activities. Service type
(6,446).
· Sector
H: Hotels and Restaurants (1742) and
· The Undefined (2078).
It should be noted that due to the lack of information
from agencies such as the SGRT and INEC, they do not have records of the
affiliated population by economic sector, which is why it has not been possible
to determine the incidence rate; what stands out in this information gathered
is that the Manufacturing Sector has had the greatest impact in the 10 years in
a row, which allows us to establish some hypotheses in this regard.
Figure 4: Qualified T.A.'s by economic sector during the
period 2014-2023
Source: Prepared by the
authors based on data provided by the SGRT's annual occupational accident
statistics.
Figure 5, presents the result of the T.A.s that have
occurred during the period 2014 - 2023 and its variable is sex, from which it
is highlighted that 76.5% of the T.A.s fall on males and 23.5% on females.
According to the figure, T.A.T. in relation to males has decreased in the first
five years and after the pandemic its growth is slight. In
relation to the female sex with the same criterion, but in a lower proportion.
Figure 5: Qualified T.A.'s by gender. Source: Own elaboration
based on data provided by the annual statistics of occupational accidents of
the SGRT.
Table 3, has taken as a basis for analysis the TA
by year and its I.I., from which the impact on both male and female workers is
distributed proportionally. It should be noted that during the period 22014 -
2023, the male sex has the highest impact trend in each year analyzed.
Regarding the I.I. in men, in 2014 it was 504.44 and in 2023 it was 423.11,
unlike in women that in 2014 the I.I. was 96.05 and in 2023 it reached 111.70
although the proportion is lower, this rebound in women should be considered.
Table 3: T.A.
Incidence Rate by Sex.
The SGRT and INEC do not
present statistics on affiliations by age range, which is why the impact of
T.A. is not determined. It is worth noting, according to Figure 6, that workers
in the 21-30 age range have suffered the highest percentage of T.A., followed
by workers between 31 and 40 years of age, in third place, those between 41 and
50, and in each age range, the male sex has a greater impact. What stands out
according to the figure is that women in the same age range as men also have a
high indicator, and consequently in the following age ranges.
Figure 6: Qualified T.A. by age range and sex. Source: Own elaboration based on data provided by the annual statistics of
occupational accidents of the SGRT.
Figure 7 is the result of the analysis of the
statistics presented by the SGRT of the IESS, and it should be noted that the
information is continuous for the variables of temporary disability and death
of the member, but not for the others.
Figure 7: A.T.
Types of disability
Table 4 presents the results obtained from the
calculation of the I.I. by type of disability generated and for this purpose
the Temporary Disability data from 2014 to 2023 was considered and consequently
the statistics of the member's death. It should be noted that of the 100 % of
I.I. generated, 90.67 % started in 2014, although with a decrease in 2023 of
64.41 % and with regard to death this impact has therefore been decreasing in
the period observed.
Table 4: Disability
Incidence Rate .
Figure 8 shows that 25% of
this population that has been qualified as T.A. have suffered superficial
trauma, which refers to physical injuries or wounds. Twenty percent have other
types of wounds and 19% have fractures, which can be considered as a partial or
total rupture of the bone. And with 14%, followed by contusions and crushing.
Figure 8: T.A. by Nature of Injury. Source: Own elaboration
based on data provided by SGRT annual statistics of occupational accidents.
With the data initially obtained on the total I.I.
and by year, proportionally, the same was considered to determine the I.I. by
nature of injury, the same that annually there is a variability of its impact
according to subsequent tables:
Table 5: Nature of
Injury
Table 6: Nature of Injury
In
2017 despite representing a decreasing period, the TA caused superficial trauma
in greater proportion reaching its impact to be I.I = 88.57 and in 2018 the
same consequences are maintained reaching an impact of I.I = 132.01 in the same
way is repeated in 2019 where the I.I = 120.0.
Table 7: Nature of
Injury
Table 8: Nature of Injury
In
the year 2022 the I.I = 116.16 and in 2023 the I.I = 117.37 and therefore the
injuries correspond to superficial trauma. It is necessary to understand that
this indicator is known as the damage to the physical integrity of a person
causing pain, morbidity, mortality and incapacity to the worker. Narváez, P. E. C. (1999)
Figure:
9 provides information on the part of the human body
in which the injuries have occurred or originated as a result of T.A. and the
results show that there is a greater affectation in both upper and lower limbs.
Figure
9: Location of
injuries caused by A.T. Source: Own elaboration based on data provided by the
annual statistics of occupational accidents of the SGRT.
Finally,
Figure 10 shows the types of incapacities that caused the TA that were analyzed
during the period 2014 - 2023 and that, according to the analysis, 78 %
(135,071) corresponds to temporary incapacity and that it is necessary to
prepare to prevent them. M.
T. Muñoz et al., (2014) .
Figure
10: T.A. and Types of
Disability Generated. Source: Own
elaboration based on data provided by SGRT annual statistics of occupational
accidents.
RESULTS
Trends in occupational accidents
Between 2014
and 2023, there was a general decrease in the frequency of reported accidents,
although serious and fatal accidents remained at worrying levels. Sector D
Manufacturing Industry concentrated the highest number of incidents, followed
by Sector K Real Estate activities and Sector G, wholesale and retail trade.
These activities present inherent risks due to the use of heavy machinery,
adverse environmental conditions, and uneven compliance with safety
regulations.
Economic impact
The costs
associated with occupational accidents, including lost days, medical expenses,
indemnities and lost productivity, represent a significant percentage of the
Gross Domestic Product (GDP). In addition, the financial burden on the public
health system and businesses affects economic competitiveness.
Occupational health
Illnesses
resulting from hazardous working conditions continue to be underestimated in
official records, which hinders the development of
comprehensive prevention strategies. Musculoskeletal disorders, respiratory
diseases and psychological disorders stand out as the main ailments associated
with working environments.
Regulatory framework
The
implementation of the Occupational Health and Safety Management System (OHSMS)
has shown significant progress, but faces compliance challenges, especially in
small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Insufficient oversight and lack of
adequate training contribute to these difficulties.
DISCUSSION
The research is based on the statistics of occupational
accidents presented by the IESS - SGRT, which are published annually through
its virtual page, highlighting the qualified occupational accidents, which were
analyzed during the period 2014 - 2023. In the first five years of this period,
social security affiliates were 4'277,415 in 2014, with a slight growth in 2018
reaching 4'383,214 which meant an increase of 105,799 (2.47%) new affiliates.
The second five-year period starting in 2019 with 4'372,997 members already in
the pandemic and until 2023 the number of members reached 3'777,922, showing a
considerable decrease of around 595,075 fewer members in the second five-year
period. The causes of this decrease in the number of active
members, the greatest impact was the pandemic and on the other hand the
country's labor policies with the post pandemic. With the same criteria, the
qualified work accidents in these periods were analyzed, obtaining an average
of 19,982.8 during the first five-year period and in the second five-year
period the average was considered to be 14,688.6 in relation to this figure.This decrease was initially due to control policies
established by the IESS through the system of labor risk audits (SART) as well
as the Regulation of the General Insurance of Labor Risks (Resolution 513) on
notification of accidents at work and finally the pandemic forced control
agencies, employers and workers to establish prevention protocols with greater
firmness, penalizing non-compliance with employer responsibility. It should be
considered that in these periods the highest incidence rate was 535.30 and the
lowest was 281.41 (per 100,000 workers) to which it should be added that the
highest number of AT occurred in the workplace and in transit (journey home
from work and vice versa). The economic sector with the highest incidence rate
during these 10 consecutive years has been the manufacturing sector (Sector D),
followed by other service sectors. This manufacturing sector has a high
percentage of workers in high-risk activities. It is surprising that in all the
periods analyzed the male sex has the greatest impact and in
second place the female with the least impact. It should be considered
that in high-risk activities there is generally a higher percentage of male
participation and the age range in which the statistics show that the greatest
number of accidents are generated is between 21 and 30 years of age, both in
men and in women. The TA have caused
superficial traumatisms, contusions, fractures and injuries that are located
both in upper and lower extremities, generating a temporary disability of 78%
in relation to the TA given during the period 2014 - 2023.
Indeed, the impact of occupational accidents in
Ecuador is multidimensional, affecting not only the direct victims, but also
their families, communities and the public health system. Government
initiatives to promote a culture of prevention have had a positive, albeit
insufficient, impact. In addition, the lack of a robust monitoring system
limits the ability to effectively evaluate interventions. Comparison with
neighboring countries that have implemented advanced technologies and stricter
regulatory frameworks reveals opportunities for improvement of current systems
in the country.
In view of the above, it is concluded that although
the laws in the country have been improved, many employers in both productive
and service economic sectors still persist in not respecting the rights of
workers, established in the Constitution of Ecuador, Art. 326
Literal 5, which states the right of workers to develop their activities in a
safe working environment. On the other hand, it should be noted that in
2008 the ILO consultant. Juan Carlos Hiba, expressed
in a report that in the country there was a registration of 2% of TA and an
under-registration of 98%. This has probably decreased slightly due to
everything that is currently being done by the control entities and the
awareness of many employers, highlighting recently in 2024 the Executive Decree
255 (Regulation of Safety and Health at Work) as well as the Equality Plan and
the Plan for the Promotion of Health of workers, to these plans that are being
reformulated we recommend the following criteria that would strengthen safety
systems such as:
Strengthen control and follow-up:
Increase supervision and sanctions in high-risk sectors, ensuring that
companies comply with occupational health and safety regulations.
Continuous training: Promote educational
programs for workers and employers on occupational risk prevention. This
includes the design of courses adapted to each sector and periodic evaluation
of their effectiveness.
Reliable data: Improve the collection and analysis of data related
to occupational accidents and illnesses through digital systems and
inter-institutional collaborations.
Encourage investment in technology:
Implement innovative solutions, such as safety sensors, artificial intelligence
and remote monitoring systems, that reduce risks in
the workplace.
Promote a culture of safety:
Integrate awareness programs in schools, universities and communities to build
a collective commitment to occupational safety.
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*Magíster en
Seguridad, Higiene Industrial y Salud Ocupacional, Docente de la Universidad de Guayaquil -
ESPOCH, Guayaquil, Ecuador
alberto.branc@ug.edu.ec, https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6856-2793
*Ingeniero Industrial. Doctor en ciencias de la
Ingeniería, mención Ingeniería Industrial, Docente en la Universidad de
Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
leonardo.bangueraa@ug.edu.ec, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0261-2372
*Magíster en Seguridad, Higiene
Industrial y Salud Ocupacional, Docente
de la Universidad de Guayaquil - ESPOCH, Guayaquil, Ecuador
otto.santosv@ug.edu.ec, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5986-1601
*Magíster en Seguridad, Higiene
Industrial y Salud Ocupacional, Docente
de la Universidad de Guayaquil - ESPOCH, Guayaquil, Ecuador
gerardo.llamucab@ug.edu.ec, https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7449-1577